The cardiovascular system

First listen to the presentation: The cardiovascular system

What the system is comprised of and what it does

1. What is the cardiovascular system comprised of and what are the three types of blood vessel?

Answer: heart and blood vessels; arteries and veins.













The heart

2. Describe the heart.

Answer: A fist sized, muscular organ located in the thorax.












The blood

3. In addition to oxygen name four things that the blood transports.

Answer: nutrients, hormones, waste products, heat.










The heart

4. What are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer: atria (right and left); ventricles (right and left).










The blood vessels attached to the heart

5. What are the four blood vessels attached to the heart?

Answer: aorta; venae cavae; pulmonary vein; pulmonary arteries.









The heart valves

6. What are the four valves in the heart?

Answer: aortic valve; pulmonary valve; tricuspid valve; mitral valve.










The blood vessels attached to the heart

7. Which blood vessels attached to the heart carry oxygenated blood and deoxygented blood, respectively?

Answer: aorta and pulmonary veins; pulmonary ateries and venae cavae.












The flow of blood in the heart

8. Describe the flow of blood through the heart.

Answer: (starting at venae cavae) right atrium to right ventricle; pulmonary artery; pulmonary vein; left atrium to left ventricle; aorta.











Pulses

9. In addition to the radial pulse, name 8 other sites on the body where a pulse can be felt (0.5 marks each).

Answer: temporal; facial; carotid; brachial; femoral; polliteal; posterior tibial; doralis pedis.












Electrical activity in the heart

10. Describe the generation and spead of electrical activity in the heart.

Answer: generated at the sinoatrial node; travels to atrioventricual node and spreads across atria; travels through septum along Purkinje fibres; spreads across ventricles.










11. What is a trace of electrical activity in the heart called: what are the three sets of patterns observed?

Answer: an electrocardiogram; P-wave; QRS-complex; T-wave.











12. What is happening at the three wave patterns on the electrocardiogram? What can happen to the T-wave in a myocardial infarction?

Answer: atrial depolarisation; ventricular depolarisation; ventricular repolarisation; it is elevated.







Cardiac cycle

13. What are the two stages of the cardiac cycle and what is happening at each stage?

Answer: diastole and systole; heart relaxes and contracts, respectively.









Cardiac output

14. Describe the cardiac output; what are its components and how is it calculated?

Answer: the blood pumped by the heart in one minute; stroke volume and heart rate; CO=HR x SV.









15. What effect do: sympathetic stimulation, parasympathetic stimulation and increased end diastolic volume have, respectively, on the cardiac output? What happens to resting heart rate in athletes?

Answer: increases; decreases; increases; decreases.








Blood vessels

16. What type of muscle is found in arteries and veins? How does this differ between arteries and veins? What do veins have that arteries lack? What is the space in the middle of a blood vessel called?

Answer: smooth muscle; thicker in arteries; valves; lumen.










Blood pressure


17. What are the two factors that determine blood pressure? What is the equation for bood pressuer based on these factors (2 marks)?

Answer: cardiac output and peripheral resistance; BP = CO x PR.











Capillary exchange

18. What two factors determine capillary exchange? Which is larger at the arterial end of the capillary bed; what is the fluid in the tissues called?

Answer: blood pressure and osmotic pressure; blood pressure; interstitial fluid.









Control of blood pressure

19. How are the medulla and the kidneys, respectively, involved in control of blood pressure?

Answer: medulla - heart rate and peripheral resistance; kidneys - blood volume and peripheral resistance.








Blood

20. What are the three formed elements in the blood?  How is one of these formed elements further subdivided into two main types?

Answer: erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets. Leucocytes subdivided into granulocytes and agranulocytes.








21. Describe four unique things about the specialisation of the erythrocyte.

Answer: Shape; no nucleus; no mitochondria; full of haemoglobin.












22. What are the four main blood types?

Answer: A; B; O; AB.

The endocrine system

First listen to the presentation: The endocrine system

What the system does

1. In addition to mood and reproduction name four things that the endocrine system controls.

Answer: growth, tissue function, metabolism, sexual development.









The pineal glands

2. What do the pineal glands secrete and what three aspects of the body is this secretion related to?

Answer: Melatonin; sexual development, sleep, metabolism.









The hypothalamus

3. Where is the hypothalamus located; which endocrine gland does it control and in what two ways does the hypothalamus contol this gland?

Answer: below the thalamus; the pituitary; in the blood and via nerves.









The pituitary

4. What is the collective name for the two systems that take chemical and nervous signals to the pituitary and what are the three lobes of the pituitary?

Answer: The hypothalamo-hypophysial tract; the anterior, middle and posterior lobes.












The anterior pituitary seceretions

5. In addition to the gonadotrohins name four other anterior pituitary secretions.

Answer: growth hormone; prolactin; thyroid stimulating hormone; adrenocotocotrophic hormone.









The posterior pituitary

6. What are the two secretions of the posterior pituitary gland and give one function of each.

Answer: oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone; development of mammary glands/contraction of uterus and reabsorbtion of water by the kidneys, respectively.









Adrenal cortical hormones

7. Give three functions of glucocorticoids and one function of aldosterone.

Answer: glucocorticoids - control of glucose metabolism, suppression of inflammation, released in stress; aldosterone -  controls sodium and water uptake.







The thyroid gland

8. What is secreted by the thyroid gland, what does it do and what is overproduction and underproduction of this hormone called, respectively?

Answer: thyroxine; controls metabolism; hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism.









The parathyroid glands

9. What  hormones isreleased by the parathyroid glands and what does it do? Which hormone released by the thyroid gland has the opposite effect?

Answer: parathyroid hormone raised blood calcium levels; calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.








Adrenal medulla

10. What are the two secretions of the adrenal medulla and name two of their actions.

Answer: adrenaline and noradrenaline; increase heart rate and blood pressure.









The pancreas

11. Name the two secretions of the Islets of Langerhans and what their respective actions are.

Answer: insulin and glucagon; lower and raise blood glucose, respectively.






The gonads

12. Name the female and male gonads and name the secretions of the female gonads.

Answer: ovaries and testes; oestrogen and progesterone.