tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-67704335164170662872024-03-13T03:35:41.279-07:00Four things about... (a simple approach to anatomy and physiology)Links to articulate presentations from my teaching with short answer four point questions based on the lecture; students can check the answers here.Roger Watsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07408659363029289322noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6770433516417066287.post-59910434366194303662012-01-22T08:30:00.000-08:002020-03-12T03:19:11.084-07:00Special sensesFirst listen to the presentation: <a href="https://youtu.be/NR2GyS_-uNg">special senses</a><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">1. In addition to sight what are the four other special senses?</span><br />
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ANSWER: hearing, smell, taste, touch<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">2. What four structures of the eye does light pass through to reach the retina?</span><br />
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ANSWER: cornea; aqueous humour; lens; vitreous humour<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">3. What four types of light do the pigments in the photoreceptor cells (rod and cones) detect?</span><br />
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ANSWER: red; green; blue; monchorome<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">4. What is the first structure that a sound wave comes into contact with when it passes through the external ear, and what are the three ossicles of the ear called?</span><br />
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ANSWER: ear drum (tympanic membrane); maleus, incus, stapes<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">5. What do the four sense organs of the skin sense?</span><br />
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ANSWER: touch; pain; heat; pressure<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">6. Which part of the tongue sense taste? What are the three tastes?</span><br />
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ANSWER: taste buds; sweet, sour, salty<br />
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Roger Watsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07408659363029289322noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6770433516417066287.post-58206531073508996992012-01-08T03:15:00.000-08:002020-03-12T03:19:42.931-07:00ProtectionFirst listen to the presentation: <a href="https://youtu.be/JZ5OyQCpdls">Protection</a><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">1. In addition to injury and poisoning what else do we require protection from?</span><br />
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ANSWER: oxygen; heat; dehydration; infection.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">2. Where are the symptoms of oxygen toxicity manifested?</span><br />
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ANSWER: eyes; lungs; brain; muscles.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">3. In a reflex arc what is the correct order for: spinal cord; motor neurone; muscle; sensory neurone?</span><br />
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ANSWER: sensory neurone; spinal cord; motor neurone; muscle.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">4. Name four things that can stimulate vomiting centre.</span><br />
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ANSWER: higher brain centres; chemicals; labyrinths; stomach.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">5. What four things does the skin protect against?</span><br />
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ANSWER: physical damage; infection; dehydration; extremes of heat.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">6. How is heat lost from the body?</span><br />
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ANSWER: radiation; convection; conduction; evaporation.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">7. Name the three stages of wound healing and in the correct order?</span><br />
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ANSWER: inflammation; proliferation; maturation.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">8. Briefly describe blood clotting.</span><br />
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ANSWER: <span style="color: red;">Prothrombin </span>activator formed by intrinsic and extrinsic systems, converts <span style="color: red;">prothrombin to thrombin</span> which converts <span style="color: red;">fibrinogen to fibrin</span> which forms a <span style="color: red;">clot with platelets</span>.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">9. What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?</span><br />
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ANSWER: redness; heat; pain; swelling.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">10. Name the components of non-specific and specific defence systems.</span><br />
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ANSWER: skin & macrophages (non-specific); cell mediated immunity & antigen mediated immunity (specific).<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">11. Describe active and passive immunity.</span><br />
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ANSWER: Active - natural (having a subclinical disease or infection), artificial (vaccine & toxoids); Passive - natural (from mother), artificial (antibodies).Roger Watsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07408659363029289322noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6770433516417066287.post-517286876743525842011-12-04T03:54:00.000-08:002020-03-12T03:20:22.453-07:00The skeletomuscular systemFirst listen to the presentation: <a href="https://youtu.be/4e-4QN-eqPI">The skeletomuscular system</a><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">1. What four tissues does a long bone consist of?</span><br />
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ANSWER: subchondral; cancellous; compact; marrow.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">2. How many bones are there in the adult skeleton? What are the two major divisions of the skeleton and which mineral is found in bones?</span><br />
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ANSWER: 206; axial & appendicular; calcium phosphate.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">3. Name two parts of the axial skeleton and two parts of the appendicular skeleton.</span><br />
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ANSWER: axial: skull, spine, ribs; appendicular: pelvis, shoulders (clavicles and scapulae); limbs.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">4. Excluding the jaws and other small bones, name the four largest bones of the skull that enclose the cranium.</span><br />
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ANSWER: frontal; parietal; temporal; occiptal.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">5. In addition to the coccyx, what are the four regions of the spine, in order, from the top?</span><br />
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ANSWER: cervical; thoracic; lumbar; sacral.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">6. What does a joint do and name the three types?</span><br />
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ANSWER: allows movement (articulation) between bones; fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">7. In addition to the hinge joint, name four other types of synovial joint.</span><br />
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ANSWER: pivot; condylar; plane; ball & socket.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">8. What are the four movements of an angular joint?</span><br />
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ANSWER: flexion; extension; abduction; adduction.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">9. Name the three types of muscle; which one is also described as 'striped' or 'striated'?</span><br />
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ANSWER: skeletal; cardiac; smooth. Skeletal is striped or striated.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">10. What are the two types of contractile protein and where are they contained? What is used in the process of contraction?</span><br />
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ANSWER: actin; myosin. Muscle fibre or cells. ATP/Energy.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">11. Describe what happens at a neuromuscular junction.</span><br />
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ANSWER: An action potential is transmitted to the muscle via a motor nerve; the electrical signal is transmitted to the muscle chemically (acetyl choline) across the gap between the nerve and the muscle; an action potential is generated in the muscle; the acetyl choline is broken down and/or taken back up into the nerve ending.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">12. What are the ends of a skeletal muscle called where it joins to the skeleton? What joins the muscle to the bone and what is it made of?</span><br />
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ANSWER: Origin and insertion; tendon, made of collagen.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">13. Which two muscles of the arm control the movement of the lower arm? How would you describe the relative position of these muscles and which one is responsible for extending the arm?</span><br />
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ANSWER: bicep & tricep; opposing; tricep.Roger Watsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07408659363029289322noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6770433516417066287.post-77933653114284412742011-10-04T07:33:00.000-07:002020-03-12T03:21:43.540-07:00Gastrointestinal system<span style="color: red;">First listen to the presentation: <a href="https://youtu.be/yh04OgAo3hU">T</a></span><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://youtu.be/yh04OgAo3hU">he gastrointestinal system</a></span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;">Structure and function of the gastrointestinal (GI) system</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">1. Describe the GI system.</span><br />
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Answer: The GI system runs from the <span style="color: red;">mouth</span> to the <span style="color: red;">anus</span> and is responsible for the <span style="color: red;">digestion</span> of food and the <span style="color: red;">excretion</span> of waste products. <br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">2. What are the four main regions of the GI tract between mouth and anus?</span><br />
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Answer: oesophagus; stomach; large intestine; small intestine.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">3. Name four organs/structures that are linked to the GI tract.</span><br />
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Answer: liver; pancreas; gall bladder; appendix.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">4. Describe the peritoneum and what is the space that it encloses called?</span><br />
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Answer: transparent membrane; lines the abdominal cavity; carries nerves and blood vessels to viscera; peritoneal cavity.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">5. What kind of muscle is found in the GI tract, how is it arranged and how is it controlled?</span><br />
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Answer: smooth muscle; longitudinal and circular; autonomic nervous system.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">6. What is the process that moves food along the GI tract? Describe this process.</span><br />
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Answer: peristalsis: waves of contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle which propel food along the GI tract.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">7. What is the space in the GI tract called and what is the lining of the GI tract called? What are the two functions of the lining?</span><br />
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Answer: lumen; mucosa. Secretory and absorbtive. <br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">8. Name the three pairs of salivary glands. What is the MAIN function of saliva?</span><br />
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Answer: parotid; sumandibular; sublingual. Lubrication of food.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">9. What is mastication? In addition to saliva what other parts of the mouth are involved? What is the end product of mastication?</span><br />
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Answer: chewing. Tongue & teeth. Bolus of food. <br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">10. What are the muscles of mastication? Which joint is involved and what is unique about it?</span><br />
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Answer: masseter & temporalis. Temperomandibular joint; allows movement in three planes. <br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">11. In the process of swallowing, which tube does the bolus of food enter on its way to the stomach? Which tube is protected by the epiglottis and what is the epiglottis? How is the bolus of food moved to the stomach?</span><br />
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Answer: the oesophagus. The trachea. a flap of cartilage. Peristalsis. <br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">12. What are the functions of the stomach?</span><br />
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ANSWER: it acts as a reservoir; it completes the mechanical breakdown of food; it secretes hydrochoric acid; it produced chyme. <br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">13. What are the three muscle layers of the stomach and what are the convolutions on the inner surface of the stomach called?</span><br />
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ANSWER: circular; longitinal; oblique; rugae. <br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">14. In addition to gastrin and intrinsic factor what other three things are produced by the gastric pits and what is setreted by the gastric pits?</span><br />
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ANSWER: mucous; hydrochloric acid; pepsin. Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid. <br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">15. State the three regions of the small intestine in the correct order.</span><br />
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ANSWER: duodenum; jejunum; ileum. <br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">16. What are the functions of the small intestine?</span><br />
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ANSWER: it mixes food by segmentation; it propels food by persitalsis; it secretes digestive enzymes and mucous; it absorbs nutrients. <br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">17. What features of the lining of the small intestine provide it with a large surface area? What are the three groups of enzymes (ie in terms of what they digest) that are secreted into the small intestine?</span><br />
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ANSWER: villi; protein digesing, carbohydrate digesting, fat digesting enzymes.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">18. Where do pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum? In addition to sodium bicarbonate what digestive enzymes are produced by the pancreas?</span><br />
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ANSWER: the ampulla of Vater; trypsin, amylase and lipase.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">19. Where is bile made? What does the gall bladder do? Where is bile released into the duodenum? What does bile do?</span><br />
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ANSWER: liver; stores and concentrates bile; ampulla of Vater; emulsifying agent.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">20. Describe digestion.</span><br />
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ANSWER: a process of breaking <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">large </span>molecules into <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">smaller </span>ones which can be <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">absorbed </span>from the intestine and used in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">metabolism</span>.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">21. What do enzymes do? What are the three phases of digestion?</span><br />
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ANSWER: they act as catalysts for biological reactions; cephalic, gastric, intestinal.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">22. What are the three phases of digestion - in the correct order?</span><br />
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ANSWER: cephalic; gastric; intestinal.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">23. What is mainly reabsorbed in the large intestine and what are the three major regions of the large intestine?</span><br />
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ANSWER: Water; ascending, transverse and descending colon.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">24. What are the three types of movement in the large intestine and which bacterium is mainly found here?</span><br />
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ANSWER: peristalsis; haustral churning; mass movement. E coli.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">25. Describe the structure and function of the internal and external anal sphincters.</span><br />
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ANSWER: internal - smooth muscle and involuntary; external - skeletal muscle and voluntary.Roger Watsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07408659363029289322noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6770433516417066287.post-29701123709926161032011-09-04T09:16:00.000-07:002020-03-12T03:22:13.617-07:00The Respiratory SystemPlease listen to my articulate presentation: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXhiP6Yu5ns&t=526s">The Respiratory System</a><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">1. In terms of the structures that air passes through as you breathe in, put the following in the correct order: lungs; nasal cavity; bronchi; trachea.</span><br />
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Answer: nasal cavity; trachea; bronchi; lungs<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">2. What are the two phases of activity in the lungs? Which structures does air pass through after the bronchi? What are the functional units of the lungs?</span><br />
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Answer: insipration; expiration; bronchioles; alveoli.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">3. What is the major constituent of air? Which constituent of air is accumulated in the blood at the alveoli? Which constituent of air is removed from the blood at the alveoli? What is the exchange of these constituents called?</span><br />
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Answer: nitrogen; oxygen; carbon dioxide; respiration.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">4. What happens at inspiration?</span><br />
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Answer: the diaphragm descends & the rib cage rises; pressure inside thorax falls; lungs expand; air enters lungs.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">5. Describe the structure of the alveoli. By what process is oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged at the alveoli?</span><br />
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Answer: small sacs; single cell layer; close proximity to pulmonary capillaries; diffusion.<br />
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<br />Roger Watsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07408659363029289322noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6770433516417066287.post-16773611051750258542011-08-21T07:52:00.000-07:002020-03-12T03:22:48.899-07:00The renal system<span style="color: red;">First listen to the presentation: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQhSP7EQ7as">T</a></span><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQhSP7EQ7as">he renal system</a></span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">1. Describe the position and composition of the kidneys</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: The kidneys are a pair of organs situated in the retroperitoneum; they are composed of a cortex and a medulla.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">2. What vessels are attached to the kidneys? What fraction of the cardiac output goes to the kidneys?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: renal artery, renal vein, ureters; 25%.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">3. What three functions does the kidney undertake and in what order?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: filtration, secretion and reabsorbtion.</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">4. What are the functional units of the kidneys? Name the regions of this functional unit.</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">5. Describe the glomerulus.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: the glomerulus is a system of arterial capillaries inside the Bowman's capsule with an afferent vessel and an efferent vessel.</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">6. Describe what happens at the glomerulus.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: blood enters via the afferent vessel and leaves via the efferent vessel; water and solutes leave the blood and enter the Bowman's capsule; blood cells and blood proteins are retained in the blood.</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">7. Name four things that are secreted into the nephron.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia, drugs and toxins.</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">8. Name four things that are reabsorbed into the blood at the nephron.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: water, sodium ions, vitamins, nutrients (eg sugar).</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">9. Describe the urinary bladder. What is the major difference in males and females?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: reservoir composed of smooth muscle, two ureters enter and the urethra leaves. The female urethra is shorter than the male urethra.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">10. Describe normal micturition.</span><br />
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Roger Watsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07408659363029289322noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6770433516417066287.post-49660348371110127732011-07-17T09:19:00.000-07:002020-03-12T03:23:37.562-07:00The cardiovascular system<span style="background-color: white; color: red;">First listen to the presentation: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLwVbjkwSQ8">T</a></span><span style="background-color: white; color: red;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLwVbjkwSQ8">he cardiovascular system</a></span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;">What the system is comprised of and what it does</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">1. What is the cardiovascular system comprised of and what are the three types of blood vessel?</span><br />
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Answer: heart and blood vessels; arteries and veins.<br />
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<span style="color: lime;">The heart</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">2. Describe the heart.</span><br />
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Answer: A <span style="color: red;">fist</span> <span style="color: red;">sized</span>, <span style="color: red;">muscular organ</span> located in the <span style="color: red;">thorax</span>.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">3. In addition to oxygen name four things that the blood transports.</span><br />
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Answer: nutrients, hormones, waste products, heat.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">4. What are the four chambers of the heart?</span><br />
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Answer: atria (right and left); ventricles (right and left). <br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">5. What are the four blood vessels attached to the heart?</span><br />
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Answer: aorta; venae cavae; pulmonary vein; pulmonary arteries. <br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">6. What are the four valves in the heart?</span><br />
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Answer: aortic valve; pulmonary valve; tricuspid valve; mitral valve.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">7. Which blood vessels attached to the heart carry oxygenated blood and deoxygented blood, respectively?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: aorta and pulmonary veins; pulmonary ateries and venae cavae.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;">The flow of blood in the heart</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">8. Describe the flow of blood through the heart.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: (starting at <span style="color: red;">venae cavae</span>) <span style="color: white;">right atrium to right ventricle</span>; <span style="color: red;">pulmonary artery</span>; <span style="background-color: black; color: red;">pulmonary vein</span>; left atrium to left ventricle; <span style="background-color: black; color: red;">aorta</span>.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;">Pulses</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">9. In addition to the radial pulse, name 8 other sites on the body where a pulse can be felt (0.5 marks each).</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: temporal; facial; carotid; brachial; femoral; polliteal; posterior tibial; doralis pedis.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;">Electrical activity in the heart</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">10. Describe the generation and spead of electrical activity in the heart.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: <span style="color: red;">generated</span> at the sinoatrial node; travels to atrioventricual node and <span style="color: red;">spreads across atria</span>; travels through septum along <span style="color: red;">Purkinje fibres</span>; <span style="color: red;">spreads across ventricles</span>.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">11. What is a trace of electrical activity in the heart called: what are the three sets of patterns observed?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: an electrocardiogram; P-wave; QRS-complex; T-wave.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">12. What is happening at the three wave patterns on the electrocardiogram? What can happen to the T-wave in a myocardial infarction?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: atrial depolarisation; ventricular depolarisation; ventricular repolarisation; it is elevated.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;">Cardiac cycle</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">13. What are the two stages of the cardiac cycle and what is happening at each stage?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: diastole and systole; heart relaxes and contracts, respectively.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;">Cardiac output</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">14. Describe the cardiac output; what are its components and how is it calculated?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: the blood pumped by the heart in one minute; stroke volume and heart rate; CO=HR x SV.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">15. What effect do: sympathetic stimulation, parasympathetic stimulation and increased end diastolic volume have, respectively, on the cardiac output? What happens to resting heart rate in athletes?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: increases; decreases; increases; decreases.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;">Blood vessels</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">16. What type of muscle is found in arteries and veins? How does this differ between arteries and veins? What do veins have that arteries lack? What is the space in the middle of a blood vessel called?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: smooth muscle; thicker in arteries; valves; lumen.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;">Blood pressure</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">17. What are the two factors that determine blood pressure? What is the equation for bood pressuer based on these factors (2 marks)?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: cardiac output and peripheral resistance; BP = CO x PR.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;">Capillary exchange</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">18. What two factors determine capillary exchange? Which is larger at the arterial end of the capillary bed; what is the fluid in the tissues called?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">Answer: blood pressure and osmotic pressure; blood pressure; interstitial fluid.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;">Control of blood pressure</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">19. How are the medulla and the kidneys, respectively, involved in control of blood pressure?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">Answer: medulla - heart rate and peripheral resistance; kidneys - blood volume and peripheral resistance.</span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;">Blood</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">20. What are the three formed elements in the blood? How is one of these formed elements further subdivided into two main types?</span><br />
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Answer: erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets. Leucocytes subdivided into granulocytes and agranulocytes.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">21. Describe four unique things about the specialisation of the erythrocyte.</span><br />
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Answer: Shape; no nucleus; no mitochondria; full of haemoglobin.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">22. What are the four main blood types?</span><br />
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Answer: A; B; O; AB.Roger Watsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07408659363029289322noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6770433516417066287.post-23933006148278574262011-07-03T04:22:00.000-07:002020-03-12T03:24:06.618-07:00The endocrine system<span style="color: red;">First listen to the presentation: </span><span style="color: red;">T<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHhC9K_Wa18&t=5s">he endocrine system</a></span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;">What the system does</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">1. In addition to mood and reproduction name four things that the endocrine system controls.</span><br />
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Answer: growth, tissue function, metabolism, sexual development.<br />
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<span style="color: lime;">The pineal glands</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">2. What do the pineal glands secrete and what three aspects of the body is this secretion related to?</span><br />
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Answer: Melatonin; sexual development, sleep, metabolism.<br />
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<span style="color: lime;">The hypothalamus</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">3. Where is the hypothalamus located; which endocrine gland does it control and in what two ways does the hypothalamus contol this gland?</span><br />
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Answer: below the thalamus; the pituitary; in the blood and via nerves.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">4. What is the collective name for the two systems that take chemical and nervous signals to the pituitary and what are the three lobes of the pituitary? </span><br />
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Answer: The hypothalamo-hypophysial tract; the anterior, middle and posterior lobes.<br />
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<span style="color: lime;">The anterior pituitary seceretions</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">5. In addition to the gonadotrohins name four other anterior pituitary secretions.</span><br />
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Answer: growth hormone; prolactin; thyroid stimulating hormone; adrenocotocotrophic hormone.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">6. What are the two secretions of the posterior pituitary gland and give one function of each.</span><br />
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Answer: oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone; development of mammary glands/contraction of uterus and reabsorbtion of water by the kidneys, respectively. <br />
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<span style="color: lime;">Adrenal cortical hormones</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">7. Give three functions of glucocorticoids and one function of aldosterone.</span><br />
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Answer: glucocorticoids - control of glucose metabolism, suppression of inflammation, released in stress; aldosterone - controls sodium and water uptake.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">8. What is secreted by the thyroid gland, what does it do and what is overproduction and underproduction of this hormone called, respectively?</span><br />
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Answer: thyroxine; controls metabolism; hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism. <br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">9. What hormones isreleased by the parathyroid glands and what does it do? Which hormone released by the thyroid gland has the opposite effect?</span><br />
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Answer: parathyroid hormone raised blood calcium levels; calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">10. What are the two secretions of the adrenal medulla and name two of their actions.</span><br />
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Answer: adrenaline and noradrenaline; increase heart rate and blood pressure.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">11. Name the two secretions of the Islets of Langerhans and what their respective actions are.</span><br />
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Answer: insulin and glucagon; lower and raise blood glucose, respectively.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">12. Name the female and male gonads and name the secretions of the female gonads.</span><br />
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Answer: ovaries and testes; oestrogen and progesterone.Roger Watsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07408659363029289322noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6770433516417066287.post-15774213618622460692011-06-11T08:26:00.000-07:002020-03-12T03:24:34.764-07:00Nervous and sensory systems<span style="color: red;">First listen to the presentation: </span><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NR2GyS_-uNg">Nervous and sensory systems</a></span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;">1. Protective layers of the brain</span><br />
<span style="color: yellow;">What is the collective name for the protective layers of the brain? What are they each called?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: The Meninges; pia mater; arachnoid mater; dura mater.</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">What fluid is found in brain and spinal column? Where is this found in the brain? State two functions of this fluid.</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">Name the main features of the neurone.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: cell body; axon; dendrites; axon terminals (could include myelin sheath).</span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;">4. The action potential</span><br />
<span style="color: yellow;">Explain what happens in an action potential.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: sodium ions flood into the nerve cell; the membrane potential is reversed (becomes positive); the action potential is transmitted along the cell (saltatory conduction); the sodium ions are pumped out and the resting potential is restored.</span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;">5. The synapse</span><br />
<span style="color: yellow;">What happens at a synapse?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: nerve impulse arrives at pre-synapse; chemical (acetly choline) released into synaptic space; action potential triggered post-synapse; chemical is broken down and reabsorbed .</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;">6. Saltatory conduction</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">Explain saltatory conduction.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: tales place in myelinated nerves; faster than in unmyelinated nerves; depends on Nodes of Ranvier; action potential 'jumps' from node to node (ie Nodes of Ranvier).</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;">7. Regions of the brain</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">Name the eight regions of the brain (half mark each).</span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: frontal; motor cortex; sensory cortex; parietal lobe; temporal lobe; occipital lobe; cerebellum; brain stem.</span> </span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;">8. Cranial nerves</span><br />
<span style="color: yellow;">What do cranial nerves mainly do?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: eye movement; swallowing; smell; hearing. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;">9. Divisions of the nervous system</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">Name the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system and the sub-divisions of the division concerned with involuntary actions.</span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: somatosensory and autonomic; and the autonomic is divided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems.</span> </span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;">10. Special senses</span><br />
<span style="color: yellow;">In addition to sight what are the other special senses?</span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: hearing; touch; taste and smell.</span> </span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;">11. The eye</span><br />
<span style="color: yellow;">What four structures of the eye does light have to travel through to reach the optic nerve?</span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: cornea; aqueous humour; lens; vitreous humour.</span> </span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;">12.The ear</span><br />
<span style="color: yellow;">What are the three bones of the inner ear and what are they called, collectively?</span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Answer: maleus; incus and stapes; ossicles.</span> </span>Roger Watsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07408659363029289322noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6770433516417066287.post-89927291021693500192011-05-07T11:46:00.000-07:002020-03-12T03:25:07.354-07:00Homeostasis<span style="color: red;">First, listen to the presentation:</span><span style="color: red;"> </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILfUitVz-fY"><span style="color: red;">H</span><span style="color: red;">omeostasis</span></a><br />
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<span style="color: lime;">1. Define 'homeostasis'.</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">Answer: The <span style="color: red;">maintenance</span> of a <span style="color: red;">constant</span>, <span style="color: red;">internal</span> <span style="color: red;">environment</span>.</span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;">2. What are the components of a homeostatic system?</span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;"><span style="color: yellow;">Answer:</span> <span style="color: red;">sensor or receptor</span>; <span style="color: red;">control centre</span>; <span style="color: red;">effector</span>; </span><span style="color: red;">variable</span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;">3. Using blood glucose as an example explain how negative feedback works in the restoration of blood glucose levels after ingesting carbohydrates.</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">Answer: Following ingestion of the carbohydrates <span style="color: red;">blood glucose levels rise</span>, this is detected <span style="color: red;">by the pancreas, insulin is released</span> and <span style="color: red;">blood glucose levels are lowered <span style="color: yellow;">and</span> </span><span style="color: red;">insulin release is stopped by negative feedback</span></span><span style="color: yellow;">.</span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;">4. Using blood pressure as an </span><span style="color: lime;">example identify the folowing: sensor or receptor; control centre; effector; variable.</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">Answer: sensor or receptor - <span style="color: red;">baroreceptors</span> ; control centre - <span style="color: red;">medula oblongata/brain</span>; effector - <span style="color: red;">cardiovascular system</span>; variable - </span><br />
<span style="color: yellow;"><span style="color: red;">blood pressure</span>.</span><br />
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<span style="color: lime;">5. Using falling blood pressure as an example explain how negative feedback works.</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">Answer: When blood pressure (BP) falls this is </span><span style="color: red;">detected by the baroreceptors <span style="color: yellow;">and the</span> information is processed by the medulla oblongata. <span style="color: yellow;">The</span> cardiovascular system responds </span><span style="color: yellow;">(increased heart rate and vasoconstriction) BP rises to within mormal limits and this <span style="color: red;">stops the increase in BP through negative feedback.</span></span>Roger Watsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07408659363029289322noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6770433516417066287.post-33209557995237124632011-04-24T06:27:00.000-07:002020-03-12T03:25:44.616-07:00From cells to system<span style="color: red;">First, listen to the presentation:</span><span style="color: red;"> <span style="color: red;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uucN-hmMCQk&t=17s">From cells to systems</a></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: red;"> </span><span style="color: lime;"></span><strong><span style="color: lime;">1. Levels of organisation</span></strong><br />
<span style="color: yellow;">What are the four levels of organisation between organelle and organism?</span><br />
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Answer: cell; tissue; organ; system.<br />
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<strong><span style="color: lime;">2. Anatomical planes</span></strong><br />
<span style="color: yellow;">Name the three planes through which the body can be viewed and if you were looking down on top view of, eg a slice of the brain, which plane would this be?</span><br />
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Answer: saggital, coronal and transverse; transverse.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: lime;">3. Anatomical directions</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Describe: the position of the legs relative to the head (while standing); the elbow relative to the hand; the scaplulae (shoulder blades) relative to the sternum (breatbone) and the nose relative to the ears.</span></div>
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Answer: inferior; proximal; posterior; medial.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: lime;">4. The cell</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Which structure surrounds and contains the cell?</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Which structure contains the chromosomes?</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Which structure is the 'power house' of the cell?</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">What substance are all the structure of the cell contained in?</span></div>
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Answer: plasma membrane; nucleus; mitochondrion; cytoplasm (click on the diagram to see all the labels).</div>
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<strong><span style="color: lime;">5. Types of tissues</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Name the four main tissue types.</span></div>
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Answer: nervous; muscle, connective, epithelial.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: lime;">6. Epithelial tissue by layers</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Name the three classifications of epithelial tissue by layers. Of which type is the skin an example?</span></div>
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Answer: simple; stratified; pseudostratified. Stratified.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: lime;">7. Epithelial tissue by cell shape</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">What are the three classifications of epithelial tissue by cell shape. Of which type</span><span style="color: yellow;"> is the skin an example?</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Answer:</span> </span><span style="color: white;">squamous; cuboidal; columnar. Squamous</span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: lime;">8. Systems</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Which systems contain the following:</span><br />
<span style="color: yellow;">brain and nerves</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">heart and blood vessels</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">muscles and bones</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">stomach and intestines</span></div>
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Answer: nervous system; cardiovascular system; skeletomuscular system; gastrointestinal system.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: lime;">9. Osmosis</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Describe osmosis.</span></div>
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Answer: The movement of <span style="color: red;">water</span> from a <span style="color: red;">region of high concentration of water</span> to a <span style="color: red;">region of lower concentration of water</span> through a <span style="color: red;">semi-permeable membrane</span>.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: lime;">10. Diffusion</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Compare and contrast diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport.</span></div>
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Answer: <span style="color: red;">Diffusion</span> only works <span style="color: red;">down a concentration gradient</span>; <span style="color: red;">facilitated diffusion</span> takes place across membranes at <span style="color: red;">specific carrier sites</span> but only down a concentration gradient; <span style="color: red;">active transport</span> takes place across membranes at specific carrier sites but <span style="color: red;">works against a concentration gradient and requires energy</span> in the form of ATP (click on the diagram to see an animation).</div>
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Roger Watsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07408659363029289322noreply@blogger.com0