The skeletomuscular system

First listen to the presentation: The skeletomuscular system

1. What four tissues does a long bone consist of?

ANSWER: subchondral; cancellous; compact; marrow.













2. How many bones are there in the adult skeleton? What are the two major divisions of the skeleton and which mineral is found in bones?

ANSWER: 206; axial & appendicular; calcium phosphate.













3. Name two parts of the axial skeleton and two parts of the appendicular skeleton.

ANSWER: axial: skull, spine, ribs; appendicular: pelvis, shoulders (clavicles and scapulae); limbs.












4. Excluding the jaws and other small bones, name the four largest bones of the skull that enclose the cranium.

ANSWER: frontal; parietal; temporal; occiptal.









5. In addition to the coccyx, what are the four regions of the spine, in order, from the top?

ANSWER: cervical; thoracic; lumbar; sacral.













6. What does a joint do and name the three types?

ANSWER: allows movement (articulation) between bones; fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.









7. In addition to the hinge joint, name four other types of synovial joint.

ANSWER: pivot; condylar; plane; ball & socket.










8. What are the four movements of an angular joint?

ANSWER: flexion; extension; abduction; adduction.











9. Name the three types of muscle; which one is also described as 'striped' or 'striated'?

ANSWER: skeletal; cardiac; smooth. Skeletal is striped or striated.









10. What are the two types of contractile protein and where are they contained? What is used in the process of contraction?

ANSWER: actin; myosin. Muscle fibre or cells. ATP/Energy.









11. Describe what happens at a neuromuscular junction.

ANSWER: An action potential is transmitted to the muscle via a motor nerve; the electrical signal is transmitted to the muscle chemically (acetyl choline) across the gap between the nerve and the muscle; an action potential is generated in the muscle; the acetyl choline is broken down and/or taken back up into the nerve ending.







12. What are the ends of a skeletal muscle called where it joins to the skeleton?  What joins the muscle to the bone and what is it made of?

ANSWER: Origin and insertion; tendon, made of collagen.









13. Which two muscles of the arm control the movement of the lower arm? How would you describe the relative position of these muscles and which one is responsible for extending the arm?

ANSWER: bicep & tricep; opposing; tricep.

Nervous and sensory systems

First listen to the presentation: Nervous and sensory systems


1. Protective layers of the brain
What is the collective name for the protective layers of the brain? What are they each called?

Answer: The Meninges; pia mater; arachnoid mater; dura mater.











2. Fluid in the brain
What fluid is found in brain and spinal column? Where is this found in the brain? State two functions of this fluid.

Answer: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); located in the ventricles; protection and chemical stability.

3. The neurone
Name the main features of the neurone.

Answer: cell body; axon; dendrites; axon terminals (could include myelin sheath).







4. The action potential
Explain what happens in an action potential.

Answer: sodium ions flood into the nerve cell; the membrane potential is reversed (becomes positive); the action potential is transmitted along the cell (saltatory conduction); the sodium ions are pumped out and the resting potential is restored.






5. The synapse
What happens at a synapse?

Answer: nerve impulse arrives at pre-synapse; chemical (acetly choline) released into synaptic space; action potential triggered post-synapse; chemical is broken down and reabsorbed .






6. Saltatory conduction
Explain saltatory conduction.

Answer: tales place in myelinated nerves; faster than in unmyelinated nerves; depends on Nodes of Ranvier; action potential 'jumps' from node to node (ie Nodes of Ranvier).




7. Regions of the brain
Name the eight regions of the brain (half mark each).

Answer: frontal; motor cortex; sensory cortex; parietal lobe; temporal lobe; occipital lobe; cerebellum; brain stem.









8. Cranial nerves
What do cranial nerves mainly do?

Answer: eye movement; swallowing; smell; hearing.









9. Divisions of the nervous system
Name the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system and the sub-divisions of the division concerned with involuntary actions.

Answer: somatosensory and autonomic; and the autonomic is divided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems.








10. Special senses
In addition to sight what are the other special senses?

Answer: hearing; touch; taste and smell.













11. The eye
What four structures of the eye does light have to travel through to reach the optic nerve?

Answer: cornea; aqueous humour; lens; vitreous humour.












12.The ear
What are the three bones of the inner ear and what are they called, collectively?

Answer: maleus; incus and stapes; ossicles.